Water is a scarce resource and a limiting factor for economic development in the Souss-Massa region, one of the most important agricultural areas in Morocco. Treated wastewater reuse (TWR) has the potential to alleviate water scarcity problems, provided it is sustainable. This study adopted an integrated methodological life cycle framework to analyse the eco-efficiency of TWR for irrigation of three citrus varieties: MarocLate, Nadorcott and Clemetines. The novel life cycle impact model ReCiPe 2016, covering 21 indicators, was used to generate a full-fledged multi-impact environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), while the economic system value was evaluated in terms of total value added (TVA). The eco-efficiency indicators were estimated per 1 ha of orchard and 1 ton of yield at the farm gate, combining TVA and LCA.
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The comparison with current conditions (Fresh water use) demonstrated that TWR leads to a significant decrease of product environmental footprint due to the saving in fertilizers, energy and water, which is not offset by a lower TVA generated as a result of the higher water fees to cover the cost of water treatment and distribution. Eco-efficiency indicators show that TWR remains advantageous and Nadorcott is the most efficient variety as a result of the highest TVA generated.
